The Industrialization of Psychological Trauma, or How Human Suffering Is Instrumentalized
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.22533/omij.v7i1.487Palavras-chave:
psychological trauma, PTSD, commodificationResumo
Undoubtedly, the trauma narrative occupies a particularly prominent position within the fields of psychology and psychiatry. Dozens of specialized mental health professionals seek to alleviate individuals from their traumatic past, aiming toward inner harmony and self-actualization. The therapeutic narrative surrounding the consequences of psychological trauma appears across various social domains (individual or group therapy sessions, self-actualization groups, television programs), where human suffering is presented as a structural component of the subject’s very identity. Within this framework, psychological trauma is reduced to a personal experience, becomes an object of consumption, and is depoliticized. Insofar as the social causes that may give rise to it are not addressed, it is transformed into a form of spectacle, while treatment itself becomes a consumer product. This article aims to highlight the ways in which psychological trauma and human suffering are instrumentalized and commodified within the context of a neoliberal ideology.
Downloads
Referências
Agaibi, C. E., & Wilson, J. P. (2005). Trauma, PTSD, and resilience: A review of the literature. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 6(3), 195–216. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838005277438
American Psychiatric Association. (1980). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 3rd ed. Washington, DC.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing,
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.).Washington, DC.
American Psychological Association. (2018a). Trauma.In APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://www.apa.org/topics/trauma
American Psychological Association. (2018b). Resilience. In APA Dictionary of Psychology. https://dictionary.apa.org/resilience
American Psychiatric Association (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (Revised 4th Ed.).Washington,DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychological Association. (2020). Building your resilience. https://www.apa.org/topics/resilience/building-your-resilience
Appleby, L. (2003). So, are things getting better? Psychiatric Bulletin, 27(12), 441–442. https://doi.org/10.1192/pb.27.12.441
Athanasiadou-Lewis, C. (2019). A relational perspective on psychological trauma: The ghost of the unspent love. In A. Starcevic (Ed.), Psychological Trauma. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.86375
Bedard, M., Greif, J. L., & Buckley, T. C. (2004). International publication trends in the traumatic stress literature. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 17(2), 97–101. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:JOTS.0000022615.03388.78
Beeker, T., Mills, C., Bhugra, D., Te Meerman, S., Thoma, S., Heinze, M., & Von Peter, S. (2021). Psychiatrization of society: A conceptual framework and call for transdisciplinary research. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 645556. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2021.645556
Benjet, C., Bromet, E., Karam, E. G., Kessler, R. C., McLaughlin, K. A., Ruscio, A. M., Shahly, V., Stein, D. J., Petukhova, M., Hill, E., Alonso, J., Atwoli, L., Bunting, B., Bruffaerts, R., Caldas-de-Almeida, J. M., De Girolamo, G., Florescu, S., Gureje, O., Huang, Y., … Koenen, K. C. (2016). The epidemiology of traumatic event exposure worldwide: Results from the World Mental Health Survey Consortium. Psychological Medicine, 46(2), 327–343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291715001981
Bogar, C. B., & Hulse‐Killacky, D. (2006). Resiliency determinants and resiliency processes among female adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse. Journal of Counseling & Development, 84(3), 318–327. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2006.tb00411.x
Bonanno, G. A. (2004). Loss, trauma, and human resilience: Have we underestimated the human capacity to thrive after extremely aversive events? American Psychologist, 59(1), 20–28. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.59.1.20
Bonanno, G. A., Brewin, C. R., Kaniasty, K., & Greca, A. M. L. (2010). Weighing the costs of disaster: Consequences, risks, and resilience in individuals, families, and communities. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 11(1), 1–49. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100610387086
Breslau, N., & Kessler, R. C. (2001). The stressor criterion in DSM-IV posttraumatic stress disorder: An empirical investigation. Biological Psychiatry, 50(9), 699–704. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3223(01)01167-2
Marshall, R. D. (2006). Learning from 9/11: Implications for disaster research and public health. In B. Raphael, 9/11: Mental Health in the Wake of Terrorist Attacks (1st edn, pp. 617–630). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511544132.037
Bryant, R. A., Galatzer-Levy, I., & Hadzi-Pavlovic, D. (2023). The heterogeneity of posttraumatic stress disorder in DSM-5. JAMA Psychiatry, 80(2), 189. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.4092
Burkett, B. G., & Whitley, G. (1998). Stolen Valor: How the Vietnam Generation was Robbed of Its Heroes and Its History. Verity Press. ISBN:1565302842, 978156530284
Campbell-Sills, L., Cohan, S. L., & Stein, M. B. (2006). Relationship of resilience to personality, coping, and psychiatric symptoms in young adults. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44(4), 585–599. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2005.05.001
Caruth, C. (1996). Unclaimed experience: Trauma, narrative, and history. Johns Hopkins University Press. ProQuest Ebook Central, http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/upenn-ebooks/detail.action?docID=3318659.
Carver, C. S., & Connor-Smith, J. (2010). Personality and coping. Annual Review of Psychology, 61(1), 679–704. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.093008.100352
Castonguay, L. G., Beutler, L. E., Castonguay, L. G., & Beutler, L. E. (Eds). (2005). Common and unique principles of therapeutic change: What do we know and what do we need to know? In Principles of Therapeutic Change That Work (p. 353–370). Oxford University Press.https://doi.org/10.1093/med:psych/9780195156843.003.0018
Callan, S., & Fry, B. (2012). Completing the revolution: Commissioning effective talking therapies. Centre for Social Justice. https://www.centreforsocialjustice.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/TalkingTherapiesPaper-1.pdf ISBN: 978-0-9567426-9-8
Clark, L. A., Cuthbert, B., Lewis-Fernández, R., Narrow, W. E., & Reed, G. M. (2017). Three approaches to understanding and classifying mental disorder: ICD-11, DSM-5, and the national institute of mental health’s research domain criteria (RDoC). Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 18(2), 72–145. https://doi.org/10.1177/1529100617727266
Cohen, B. M. Z. (2016). Marxist theory and mental illness: A critique of political economy. In B. M. Z. Cohen, Psychiatric Hegemony (pp. 27–67). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-46051-6_2
Cromby, J. (2015). Feeling Bodies: Embodying Psychology. Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137380586 ISBN:978-1-137-38058-6
Cuijpers, P., Donker, T., Van Straten, A., Li, J., & Andersson, G. (2010). Is guided self-help as effective as face-to-face psychotherapy for depression and anxiety disorders? A systematic review and meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. Psychological Medicine, 40(12), 1943–1957. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291710000772
Cuijpers, P., Quero, S., Dowrick, C., &Arroll, B. (2019). Psychological treatment of depression in primary care: Recent developments. Current Psychiatry Reports, 21(12), 129. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-019-1117-x
Dalal, F. (2018). CBT: The Cognitive Behavioural Tsunami, Managerialism, Politics and the Corruptions of Science. (1st edn). Routledge. ISBN:9781782206644
De Vries, G., & Olff, M. (2009). The lifetime prevalence of traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder in the Netherlands. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(4), 259–267. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20429
Dillon, J., Johnstone, L., & Longden, E. (2012). Trauma, dissociation, attachment and neuroscience: A new paradigm for understanding severe mental distress. Journal of Critical Psychology, Counselling and Psychotherapy, 12(3), 145–155
Drury, Nick. (2014). Mental health is an abominable mess: Mind and nature is a necessary unity. New Zealand Journal of Psychology. 43(1), 5-17
Edkins, J. (2006). Remembering relationality. In D. Bell (Ed.), Memory, Trauma and World Politics (pp. 99–115). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230627482_5 ISBN: 978-0-230-62748-2
Fanon, F. (1952). Peau noire, masques blancs. Paris: Les Éditions du Seuil, 1952, 239 pp.
Ferraro, K. F., & Shippee, T. P. (2009). Aging and cumulative inequality: How does inequality get under the skin? The Gerontologist, 49(3), 333–343. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/gnp034
Fletcher, D., & Sarkar, M. (2013). Psychological resilience: A review and critique of definitions, concepts and theory. European Psychologist, 18, 12-23.http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040/a000124
Fonagy, P. (2018). Attachment Theory and Psychoanalysis (1st edn). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429472060 ISBN: 9780429472060
Fontana, A., & Rosenheck, R. (1997). Effectiveness and cost of the inpatient treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Comparison of three models of treatment. American Journal of Psychiatry, 154(6), 758–765. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.6.758
Foucault, M. (1976). Histoire de la sexualité: La volonté de savoir (Vol. 1). Gallimard
Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972–1977 (C. Gordon, Ed.). Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Frueh, B. C., Elhai, J. D., Grubaugh, A. L., Monnier, J., Kashdan, T., Sauvageot, J. A., Hamner, M. B., Burkett, B. G., & Arana, G. W. (2005). Documented combat exposure of US veterans seeking treatment for combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder. British Journal of Psychiatry, 186, 467–472.
Galatzer-Levy, I. R., & Bryant, R. A. (2013). 636,120 Ways to have posttraumatic stress disorder. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 8(6), 651–662. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691613504115
Gu, Q., & Day, C. (2007). Teachers resilience: A necessary condition for effectiveness. Teaching and Teacher Education, 23(8), 1302–1316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2006.06.006
Hacking, I. (1995). The social construction of what.Cambridge. Harvard University press. ISBN: 978-0-674-81200-0
Hagengimana, A., & Hinton, D. E. (2020). ‘Ihahamuka’, a Rwandan syndrome of response to the genocide. In D. E. Hinton & B. J. Good (Eds.), Culture and panic disorder (pp. 205–229). Stanford. Stanford University Press.
Hamilton, W. L., Leskovec, J., & Jurafsky, D. (2016). Diachronic word embeddings reveal statistical laws of semantic change. Proceedings of the 54th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (Volume 1: Long Papers), 1489–1501. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/P16-1141
Hammond P. (2014). We need to rethink resilience [Review of the book Resilience: The governance of complexity, by D. Chandler]. Spiked. http://www.spiked-online.com/review_of_books/article/we-need-to-rethink-resilience/16000
Haslam, N. (2016). Concept creep: Psychology’s expanding concepts of harm and pathology. Psychological Inquiry, 27(1), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/1047840X.2016.1082418
Haslam, N., & McGrath, M. J. (2020). The creeping concept of trauma. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 87(3), 509–531. https://doi.org/10.1353/sor.2020.0052
Hatch, S. L., & Dohrenwend, B. P. (2007). Distribution of traumatic and other stressful life events by race/ethnicity, gender, SES and age: A review of the research. American Journal of Community Psychology, 40(3–4), 313–332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-007-9134-z
Herman, J. L. (1992). Trauma and recovery: The aftermath of violence—From domestic abuse to political terror. New York: Basic Books.
Hill, E. W., Wial, H., & Wolman, H. (2008). Exploring Regional Economic Resilience. Unpublished. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.5099.4000
Hinton, D. E., & Good, B. J. (2016). CHAPTER 1. The culturally sensitive assessment of trauma: Eleven analytic perspectives, a typology of errors, and the multiplex models of distress Generation. In D. E. Hinton & B. J. Good (Eds), Culture and PTSD (pp. 50–114). University of Pennsylvania Press. https://doi.org/10.9783/9780812291469-002
Hobfoll, S. E. (2011). Conservation of resource theory: Its Implication for Stress, Health and Resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford handbook of stress, health and coping (pp. 127–147).New York. Oxford University Press.
Holmes, J. (2002). All you need is cognitive behaviour therapy? BMJ, 324(7332), 288–294. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7332.288
Illich, I. (2016). Limits to medicine: Medical nemesis, the expropriation of health. London, New York. Marion Boyars.ISBN:978-0-7145-2993-6
Illouz, E., &Sicron, A. (2023). The emotional life of populism: How fear, disgust, resentment, and love undermine democracy. Polity Press.ISBN: 978-1-509-55818-6
Jeon, W., Hong, C., Lee, C., Kim, D. K., Han, M., & Min, S. (2005). Correlation between traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder among North Korean defectors in South Korea. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 18(2), 147–154. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20017
Johnstone,L.(2017). Psychological Formulation as an alternative to Psychiatric Diagnosis. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 58(1), 30-46. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022167817722230
Jones, L. K., & Cureton, J. L. (2014). Trauma redefined in the DSM-5: Rationale and implications for counseling practice. The Professional Counselor, 4(3), 257–271. https://doi.org/10.15241/lkj.4.3.257
Kardiner, A., & Spiegel, H. (1947). War stress and neurotic illness (2nd ed.). Hoeber.
Kelly, M. M., Reilly, E. D., Ameral, V., Richter, S., & Fukuda, S. (2022). A randomized pilot study of acceptance and commitment therapy to improve social support for veterans with PTSD. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 11(12), 3482.
Kidd, S., & Shahar, G. (2008). Resilience in homeless youth: The key role of self-esteem. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 78(2), 163–172. https://doi.org/10.1037/0002-9432.78.2.163
Kulka, R. A., Schlenger, W. E., Fairbank, J. A., Hough, R. L., Jordan, B. K., Marmar, C. R., & Weiss, D. S. (1990). Trauma and the Vietnam War Generation: Report of Findings from the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Philadelphia: Brunner/Mazel.ISBN:9780876305737
Kutchins, H., & Kirk, S. A. (1997). Making Us Crazy-DSM: The Psychiatric Bible and the Creation of Mental Disorders. New York. Free Press
Layard, R., & Centre for Economic Performance Mental Health Policy Group. (2006). The depression report: A new deal for depression and anxiety disorders (CEP Report No. 15). London School of Economics and Political Science.
Leichsenring, F., Steinert, C., Rabung, S., & Ioannidis, J. P. A. (2022). The efficacy of psychotherapies and pharmacotherapies for mental disorders in adults: An umbrella review and meta‐analytic evaluation of recent meta‐analyses. World Psychiatry, 21(1), 133–145.https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20941
Lerner, P. F. (2003). Hysterical men : war, psychiatry, and the politics of trauma in Germany, 1890-1930. Cornell University Press.
Loftus, S. T., Wetzler, K., Paquette, K., Christopherson, C. D., Skolnik, M. C., & Nelson, R. S. (2024). Group-based acceptance and commitment therapy for PTSD in a HMO Psychiatry clinic: An open trial. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 54(4), 327–334. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-024-09628-8
Longmore, R. J., & Worrell, M. (2007). Do we need to challenge thoughts in cognitive behavior therapy? Clinical Psychology Review, 27(2), 173–187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2006.08.001
Loughrey, G. C. (1997). Civil violence. In D. Black, M. Newman, J. Harris-Hendriks,& G. Mezey (Eds.), Psychological trauma: A developmental approach (pp. 156–160). London. Gaskell.
Maté, G., & Maté, D. (2022). The myth of normal: Trauma, illness, and healing in a toxic culture. Vermilion.ISBN: 9781785042737
Mbiti, J.S. (1990). African religions & philosophy. London: Heinemann
Mollica, R. F., Mcinnes, K., Pham, T., Smith Fawzi, M. C., Murphy, E., & Lin, L. (1998). The dose-effect relationships between torture and psychiatric symptoms in vietnamese ex-political detainees and a comparison group: The Journal of Nervous & Mental Disease, 186(9), 543–553.https://doi.org/10.1097/00005053-199809000-00005
Morling, B., & Fiske, S. T. (1999). Defining and measuring harmony control. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(4), 379–414. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2254
Moynihan, R.,Henry,D.(2002). Selling sickness: the pharmaceutical industry and disease mongeringCommentary: Medicalisation of risk factors. BMJ ; 324. doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.324.7342.886
Mugumbate, J. R., Mupedziswa, R., Twikirize, J. M., Mthethwa, E., Desta, A. A., & Oyinlola, O. (2024). Understanding Ubuntu and its contribution to social work education in Africa and other regions of the world. Social Work Education, 43(4), 1123–1139.https://doi.org/10.1080/02615479.2023.2168638
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2009). Borderline Personality Disorder: recognition ang management. Clinical guideline CG78. London. NICE
National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2018). Post-traumatic stress disorder (NG116). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.
Neale, J. (2001). The American war in Vietnam 1960–1975. Bookmarks Press.
Norris, F. H., Tracy, M., & Galea, S. (2009). Looking for resilience: Understanding the longitudinal trajectories of responses to stress. Social Science & Medicine, 68(12), 2190–2198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.03.043
O’Connor, C., Brown, G., Debono, J., Suty, L., & Joffe, H. (2025). How trauma is represented on social media: Analysis of #trauma content on TikTok. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 17(Suppl 1), S132–S138. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001792
Perilla, J. L., Norris, F. H., &Lavizzo, E. A. (2002). Ethnicity, Culture, and Disaster Response: Identifying and Explaining Ethnic Differences in PTSD Six Months After Hurricane Andrew. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 21(1), 20–45. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.1.20.22404
Peters, W., Rice, S., Alvarez‐Jimenez, M., Hetrick, S. E., Halpin, E., Kamitsis, I., ... & Bendall, S. (2022). Relative efficacy of psychological interventions following interpersonal trauma on anxiety, depression, substance use, and PTSD symptoms in young people: A meta‐analysis. Early intervention in psychiatry, 16(11), 1175-1184.
Pickett, K. E., James, O. W., & Wilkinson, R. G. (2006). Income inequality and the prevalence of mental illness: A preliminary international analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 60(7), 646–647. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.2006.046631
Rowe-Johnson, M. K., Browning, B., & Scott, B. (2025). Effects of acceptance and commitment therapy on trauma-related symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy, 17(3), 668–675. https://doi.org/10.1037/tra0001785
Sachs, E., Rosenfeld, B., Lhewa, D., Rasmussen, A., & Keller, A. (2008). Entering exile: Trauma, mental health, and coping among Tibetan refugees arriving in Dharamsala, India. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(2), 199–208. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20324
Sargant, W., & Slater, E. (1944). An introduction to physical methods of treatment in psychiatry. E. & S. Livingstone.
Schwarz, S. (2014). Facing the Future: Villagers’ Visions of Resilience. In M. Zaumseil, S. Schwarz, M. Von Vacano, G. B. Sullivan, & J. E. Prawitasari-Hadiyono (Eds), Cultural Psychology of Coping with Disasters (pp. 303–322). Springer New York. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9354-9_15
Scott, M. J. (2021). Ensuring that the improving access to psychological therapies (IAPT) programme does what it says on the tin. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 38–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjc.12264
Shedler, J. (2011). Science or ideology? American Psychologist, 66(2), 152–154. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022654
Shephard, B. (2000). A war of nerves: Soldiers and psychiatrists 1914–1994. Jonathan Cape.
Sjöblom, K., Frankenstein, K., Klintwall, L., Nilbrink, J., Zetterqvist, M., Hesser, H., Hedman-Lagerlöf, E., Gross, J. J., Hellner, C., Bellander, M., & Bjureberg, J. (2025). Online transdiagnostic emotion regulation treatment for adolescents with mental health problems: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 8(6), e2514871. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.14871
Southwick, S. M., Morgan, C. A., 3rd, Nicolaou, A. L., & Charney, D. S. (1997). Consistency of memory for combat-related traumatic events in veterans of Operation Desert Storm. The American journal of psychiatry, 154(2), 173–177. https://doi.org/10.1176/ajp.154.2.173
Strauss, B., Gawlytta, R., Schleu, A., & Frenzl, D. (2021). Negative effects of psychotherapy: Estimating the prevalence in a random national sample. BJPsych Open, 7(6), e186. https://doi.org/10.1192/bjo.2021.1025
Summerfield, D. (2001). The invention of post-traumatic stress disorder and the social usefulness of a psychiatric category. BMJ, 322(7278), 95–98. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.322.7278.95
Summerfield, D. (2004). Cross‐cultural perspectives on the medicalization of human suffering. In G. M. Rosen (Ed.), Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (1st edn, pp. 233–245). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470713570.ch12
Swanstrom, T., Chapple, K., &Immergluck, D. (2009). Regional resilience in the face of foreclosures: Evidence from six metropolitan areas. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/23s3q06x
Timimi,S.(2014). The Commercialization of Children's Mental Health in the Era of Globalization. International Journal of Mental Health (Vol.38)5-27. https://doi.org/10.2753/IMH0020-7411380301
Timimi, S. (2025). Searching for normal: A new approach to understanding distress and neurodiversity. Fern Press.ISBN: 9781911717126
Tseris, E. (2019). Trauma, Women’s Mental Health, and Social Justice: Pitfalls and Possibilities (1st edn). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315107820ISBN: 9781315107820
Tugade, M. M., & Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Resilient individuals use positive emotions to bounce back from negative emotional experiences. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 320–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.86.2.320
van der Kolk, B. A. (2007). The history of trauma in psychiatry. In M. J. Friedman, T. M. Keane, & P. A. Resick (Eds.), Handbook of PTSD: Science and practice (pp. 19–36). The Guilford Press.
van der Kolk, B. A. (2014). The body keeps the score: Brain, mind, and body in the healing of trauma. Viking.
Vylomova, E., Murphy, S., & Haslam, N. (2019). Evaluation of Semantic Change of Harm-Related Concepts in Psychology. Proceedings of the 1st International Workshop on Computational Approaches to Historical Language Change, 29–34. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W19-4704
Wampold, B. E., Flückiger, C., Del Re, A. C., Yulish, N. E., Frost, N. D., Pace, B. T., Goldberg, S. B., Miller, S. D., Baardseth, T. P., Laska, K. M., &Hilsenroth, M. J. (2017). In pursuit of truth: A critical examination of meta-analyses of cognitive behavior therapy. Psychotherapy Research, 27(1), 14–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/10503307.2016.1249433
Wampold, B. E. (2015). The Great Psychotherapy Debate: The Evidence for What Makes Psychotherapy Work (2nd edn). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203582015
Wilkinson, R., & Pickett, K. (2010). The spirit level: Why equality is better for everyone. Penguin.
Wilson, J. P., & Lindy, J. D. (Eds.). (1994). Countertransference in the treatment of PTSD. Guilford Press.
Yehuda, R., & Bierer, L. M. (2009). The relevance of epigenetics to PTSD: Implications for the DSM‐V. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 22(5), 427–434. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20448
Zautra, A. J., Johnson, L. M., & Davis, M. C. (2005). Positive Affect as a Source of Resilience for Women in Chronic Pain. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73(2), 212–220. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-006X.73.2.212
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Direitos autorais (c) 2026 Open Minds International Journal
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Os autores declaram que qualquer trabalho apresentado, se aceito, não será publicado em outro meio/lugar, em inglês ou em qualquer outra língua, e inclusive por via eletrônica, salvo mencione expressamente que o trabalho foi originalmente publicado na Revista.
